These white papers describe how developing specific technologies in the next decade will enable scientific advances in astronomy. They will also help the Astro2010 survey committee and panels understand and communicate the appropriate balance between focused initiatives and general technology development. Each white paper identifies critical observations and opportunities to be addressed by the proposed technology development, discusses the current state-of-the-art in the suggested study area, and describes how the new technology will depart from that state. Intermediate achievements along the path to achieving the specified technology goals are described where relevant, as are the estimated level-of-effort and the time scale for the realization of the new technology.